Obstructive group

(%FEV₁ ≤ 70%, n = 22)

Non-obstructive group

(%FEV₁ > 70%, n = 33)

Age, changes

COPD

(C-group, n = 22)

Tiotropium

Smoker

(S-group, n = 10)

Tiotropium

Non-smoker

(N-group, n = 23)

Control

p value

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

C-g vs S-g

C-g vs N-g

S-g vs N-g

Real Age

74.2 ± 4.9

68.8 ± 6.3

64.4 ± 7.9

0.0174

0.0062

0.0673

Preoperative Lung Age

89.2 ± 17.9

84.0 ± 19.0

60.2 ± 20.8

0.0041

0.0083

0.0579

(Preoperative Lung Age) - (Real Age)

15.1 ± 17.8

15.2 ± 18.0

−4.2 ± 20.4

0.3517

0.0464

0.0275

Postoperative Lung Age

103.7 ± 17.4

98.4 ± 18.2

89.1 ± 16.8

0.0114

0.0054

0.0086

(Postopeartive Lung Age) - (Preoperative Lung Age)

14.5 ± 13.1

14.4 ± 12.2

28.9 ± 12.7

0.2665

0.4810

0.0016

(Postopeartive Lung Age) - (Real Age)

29.5 ± 18.0

25.8 ± 18.0

24.7 ± 17.0

0.0753

0.0427

0.1394